Personality and Motivation Leaflet free essay sample

There are a number of theories and approaches that have been suggested to try to explain personality and how it can influence sports performance. The main theories you will look at are: There are a number of theories and approaches that have been suggested to try to explain personality and how it can influence sports performance. The main theories you will look at are: Theories Theories Some research has suggested certain pers. types are more attracted to certain sports Some research has suggested certain pers. ypes are more attracted to certain sports No direct link between personality type and success in sport No direct link between personality type and success in sport Type B personalities tend to be more tolerant towards others, more relaxed and reflective than their type A counterparts, experience lower levels of anxiety and display higher levels of imagination and creativity. We will write a custom essay sample on Personality and Motivation Leaflet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Type B personalities tend to be more tolerant towards others, more relaxed and reflective than their type A counterparts, experience lower levels of anxiety and display higher levels of imagination and creativity. People with a type A personality tend to lack patience, have a strong urge for competition, a high desire to achieve goals, always rush to complete activities, will happily multi-task when placed under time constraints, lack tolerance towards others and experience higher levels of anxiety. People with a type A personality tend to lack patience, have a strong urge for competition, a high desire to achieve goals, always rush to complete activities, will happily multi-task when placed under time constraints, lack tolerance towards others and experience higher levels of anxiety. A A A A B B Type A versus type B In sport, type A personalities are more likely than type B personalities to continue participating in a sport when the situation becomes unfavourable or when they are not motivated to take part. Type A versus type B In sport, type A personalities are more likely than type B personalities to continue participating in a sport when the situation becomes unfavourable or when they are not motivated to take part. Armando Cella Armando Cella Personality types Personality types Primavera 2016 Primavera 2016 Lorem Ipsum Dolor Lorem Ipsum Dolor Elite versus non-elite athletes Psychologists thought that successful athletes display lower levels of depression, fatigue, confusion and anger, but higher levels of vigour. Elite versus non-elite athletes Psychologists thought that successful athletes display lower levels of depression, fatigue, confusion and anger, but higher levels of vigour. Psychodynamic theory The psychodynamic approach to personality says that personality is made up of conscious and unconscious parts. The first part is called the ‘id’ which stands for instinctive drive. It is the part of your personality that is unconscious and makes you do certain things without thinking about them, for example, a sprinter on the start line in the Olympic final may feel so threatened by the expectations upon them that they respond with large levels of anxiety and their muscles automatically freeze. The second part of your personality, your ego is the conscious part. The final part is your super ego, which is your moral conscience. The effect of the ego and super ego can be seen in sport when a football player refuses to take a penalty in a penalty shoot out because they are worried about missing and letting their team down. Psychodynamic theory The psychodynamic approach to personality says that personality is made up of conscious and unconscious parts. The first part is called the ‘id’ which stands for instinctive drive. It is the part of your personality that is unconscious and makes you do certain things without thinking about them, for example, a sprinter on the start line in the Olympic final may feel so threatened by the expectations upon them that they respond with large levels of anxiety and their muscles automatically freeze. The second part of your personality, your ego is the conscious part. The final part is your super ego, which is your moral conscience. The effect of the ego and super ego can be seen in sport when a football player refuses to take a penalty in a penalty shoot out because they are worried about missing and letting their team down. The psychological core is what people often call? ‘the real you’ and is the part of you that contains your beliefs, values, attitudes and interests; these aspects are seen as being relatively constant or stable. Typical responses are the usual ways that you respond to the world around you or different situations you may find yourself in. For example, you may always get angry and shout after being intentionally fouled in football because you feel that deliberate fouls are un-sporting behaviour, but you may be quiet and shy when you meet people for the first time because you don’t want to overawe them. Your role-related behaviour is often determined by the circumstances you find yourself in and this is the most changeable aspect of personality. Put simply, your personality changes as your perception of your environment changes. For example, in the same day you might be captaining your college sports team where you show a lot of leadership behaviours, then working as an employee at your part-time job where you will have to follow a lot of instructions. The psychological core is what people often call? ‘the real you’ and is the part of you that contains your beliefs, values, attitudes and interests; these aspects are seen as being relatively constant or stable. Typical responses are the usual ways that you respond to the world around you or different situations you may find yourself in. For example, you may always get angry and shout after being intentionally fouled in football because you feel that deliberate fouls are un-sporting behaviour, but you may be quiet and shy when you meet people for the first time because you don’t want to overawe them. Your role-related behaviour is often determined by the circumstances you find yourself in and this is the most changeable aspect of personality. Put simply, your personality changes as your perception of your environment changes. For example, in the same day you might be captaining your college sports team where you show a lot of leadership behaviours, then working as an employee at your part-time job where you will have to follow a lot of instructions. Marten’s schematic view In this view, personality is seen as having three different levels that are related to each other: †¢ psychological core †¢ typical responses †¢ role-related behaviour Marten’s schematic view In this view, personality is seen as having three different levels that are related to each other: †¢ psychological core †¢ typical responses †¢ role-related behaviour Theories Theories Interactional view Interactional view Trait theory Trait theory Situational approach Situational approach The situational approach is different from the trait theories approach as it says that behaviour is dependent on your situation or environment. It argues that this is far more important than traits. The situational approach is different from the trait theories approach as it says that behaviour is dependent on your situation or environment. It argues that this is far more important than traits. To predict behaviour in a sporting situation, you need to consider how the situation and personality traits link and work together. This is known as the interactional approach to personality and sport behaviour. The interactional approach is the view widely accepted by sport psychologists when explaining behaviour. This theory suggests that when situational factors are particularly strong, for example, during competitive sporting situations like penalty shoot- outs in football, they are more likely to predict behaviour than personality traits. To predict behaviour in a sporting situation, you need to consider how the situation and personality traits link and work together. This is known as the interactional approach to personality and sport behaviour. The interactional approach is the view widely accepted by sport psychologists when explaining behaviour. This theory suggests that when situational factors are particularly strong, for example, during competitive sporting situations like penalty shoot- outs in football, they are more likely to predict behaviour than personality traits. Trait theories suggest that individuals have certain characteristics that will partly determine how they behave. Trait theories suggest that individuals have certain characteristics that will partly determine how they behave. Theories Theories There is no direct link between personality type and successful sporting performance. Some research has suggested that certain personality types may be more attracted to certain sports, but little says that your personality will make you a better athlete. There is no direct link between personality type and successful sporting performance. Some research has suggested that certain personality types may be more attracted to certain sports, but little says that your personality will make you a better athlete. Research implies that there is no such thing as a universal athletic personality. However, there are some differences between athletes and non-athletes; as well as between athletes in different types of sport. Compared with non-athletes, athletes who take part in team sports are more extroverted. When compared to non-athletes, athletes in individual sports tend to be more introverted. Research implies that there is no such thing as a universal athletic personality. However, there are some differences between athletes and non-athletes; as well as between athletes in different types of sport. Compared with non-athletes, athletes who take part in team sports are more extroverted. When compared to non-athletes, athletes in individual sports tend to be more introverted. Key term Trait – a relatively stable and enduring characteristic that is part of your personality. Key term Trait – a relatively stable and enduring characteristic that is part of your personality. Traits are relatively stable aspects of personality and early trait theorists like Eysenck and Cattell argued that traits were mainly inherited. There are two main dimensions to personality: †¢ an introversion–extroversion dimension †¢ a stable–neurotic dimension. Traits are relatively stable aspects of personality and early trait theorists like Eysenck and Cattell argued that traits were mainly inherited. There are two main dimensions to personality: †¢ an introversion–extroversion dimension †¢ a stable–neurotic dimension. If the extrinsic motivator is used as a method of controlling the athlete, generally intrinsic motivation will decrease. If the extrinsic motivator is used to provide information or feedback to the athlete, this can benefit intrinsic motivation. If the extrinsic motivator is used as a method of controlling the athlete, generally intrinsic motivation will decrease. If the extrinsic motivator is used to provide information or feedback to the athlete, this can benefit intrinsic motivation. A coach needs to have an in-depth knowledge of the athletes he is working with to maximise the effect of extrinsic rewards. A coach needs to have an in-depth knowledge of the athletes he is working with to maximise the effect of extrinsic rewards. Extrinsic motivation is when someone behaves the way they do because of some form of external mechanism. The most common forms of extrinsic motivation come through the use of tangible and intangible rewards. Tangible rewards are things that can physically be given to you, like money, medals and trophies, intangible rewards are non-physical things such as praise or encouragement. Extrinsic motivation is when someone behaves the way they do because of some form of external mechanism. The most common forms of extrinsic motivation come through the use of tangible and intangible rewards. Tangible rewards are things that can physically be given to you, like money, medals and trophies, intangible rewards are non-physical things such as praise or encouragement. Motivation Motivation Extrinsic Extrinsic There are three parts of intrinsic motivation: †¢ motivated by accomplishments – this occurs when athletes wish to increase their level of skill to get a sense of accomplishment †¢ motivated by stimulation – this refers to seeking an ‘adrenaline rush’ or extreme excitement †¢ motivated by knowledge – this means being curious about your own performance, wanting to know more about it and having a desire to develop new techniques or skills to benefit performance. There are three parts of intrinsic motivation: motivated by accomplishments – this occurs when athletes wish to increase their level of skill to get a sense of accomplishment †¢ motivated by stimulation – this refers to seeking an ‘adrenaline rush’ or extreme excitement †¢ motivated by knowledge – this means being curious about your own performance, wanting to know more about it and having a des ire to develop new techniques or skills to benefit performance. Intrinsic motivation is when someone is participating in an activity without an external reward and/or without the primary motivation being the achievement of some form of external reward. Intrinsic motivation in its purest form is when an athlete participates in a sport for enjoyment. Intrinsic motivation is when someone is participating in an activity without an external reward and/or without the primary motivation being the achievement of some form of external reward. Intrinsic motivation in its purest form is when an athlete participates in a sport for enjoyment. Intrinsic Intrinsic Definition Definition Most definitions of motivation refer to having a drive to take part and to persist in an activity. A sport-specific definition is the tendency of an individual or team to begin and then carry on with the activities relating to their sport. There are two main types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Most definitions of motivation refer to having a drive to take part and to persist in an activity. A sport-specific definition is the tendency of an individual or team to begin and then carry on with the activities relating to their sport. There are two main types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Negative effects Negative effects Positive effects Someone who is motivated to play, perform and train at an optimal level will experience increases in performance. It is the role of athletes, coaches, managers and support staff to make sure the athlete is at optimal levels of motivation, without experiencing any negative side effects. Positive effects Someone who is motivated to play, perform and train at an optimal level will experience increases in performance. It is the role of athletes, coaches, managers and support staff to make sure the athlete is at optimal levels of motivation, without experiencing any negative side effects. Being over motivated can be a big problem for athletes. Athletes are often under pressure to perform at a high level, so feel the need to train more and more. However, over-motivation and a gruelling schedule can lead to overtraining, staleness and burnout. Staleness can be a response to over-training. The key sign is that the athlete is unable to maintain a previous performance level or that performance levels may decrease significantly. Other signs and symptoms of staleness are that the athlete may suffer from mood swings and can become clinically depressed. Burnout happens when the athlete is trying to meet training and competition demands, and has often been unsuccessful so tries harder. Being over motivated can be a big problem for athletes. Athletes are often under pressure to perform at a high level, so feel the need to train more and more. However, over-motivation and a gruelling schedule can lead to overtraining, staleness and burnout. Staleness can be a response to over-training. The key sign is that the athlete is unable to maintain a previous performance level or that performance levels may decrease significantly. Other signs and symptoms of staleness are that the athlete may suffer from mood swings and can become clinically depressed. Burnout happens when the athlete is trying to meet training and competition demands, and has often been unsuccessful so tries harder. Motivation is an essential component of successful sports performance. However, if someone is so motivated that they won’t stop, this can cause problems. Motivation is an essential component of successful sports performance. However, if someone is so motivated that they won’t stop, this can cause problems. In the case study, players explained the outcome using attribution. Attributions provide explanations for your successes or failures and fall into one of the following categories: †¢ stability – is the reason permanent or unstable? †¢ causality – is it something that comes from an external or an internal factor? †¢ control – is it under your control or not? In the case study, players explained the outcome using attribution. Attributions provide explanations for your successes or failures and fall into one of the following categories: †¢ stability – is the reason permanent or unstable? †¢ causality – is it something that comes from an external or an internal factor? control – is it under your control or not? Achievement motivation was proposed by Atkinson in 1964, who argued that achievement motivation comes from the individual’s personality and is their motivation to strive for success. It is this drive that makes athletes carry on trying even when there are obstacles or when t hey fail. Achievement motivation was proposed by Atkinson in 1964, who argued that achievement motivation comes from the individual’s personality and is their motivation to strive for success. It is this drive that makes athletes carry on trying even when there are obstacles or when they fail. In sport, attribution theory looks at how people explain success or failure. It helps you understand an athlete’s actions and motivations. In sport, attribution theory looks at how people explain success or failure. It helps you understand an athlete’s actions and motivations. Attribution theory Attribution theory Achievement motivation theory Achievement motivation theory Think about the motivations of a footballer that is taking the decisive shot in the penalty shootout of the World Cup final Think about the motivations of a footballer that is taking the decisive shot in the penalty shootout of the World Cup final The motivational climate is the environment in which an athlete finds themselves and how this affects their motivation positively and negatively. A motivational climate that is focused on mastery of tasks where athletes receive positive reinforcement and there is greater emphasis on teamwork and co- operation – will help develop motivation through improving the athlete’s attitudes, effort and learning techniques The motivational climate is the environment in which an athlete finds themselves and how this affects their motivation positively and negatively. A motivational climate that is focused on mastery of tasks where athletes receive positive reinforcement and there is greater emphasis on teamwork and co- operation – will help develop motivation through improving the athlete’s attitudes, effort and learning techniques Developing a motivational climate Developing a motivational climate Future expectations of success and failure Expectations of future success or failure are linked to attribution theory. If you attribute to stable causes (such as skill), you are more likely to have expectations of future success whereas if you attribute to more unstable causes (like luck), you are more likely to have expectations of future failure. Future expectations of success and failure Expectations of future success or failure are linked to attribution theory. If you attribute to stable causes (such as skill), you are more likely to have expectations of future success whereas if you attribute to more unstable causes (like luck), you are more likely to have expectations of future failure. Lorem Ipsum Dolor Lorem Ipsum Dolor Primavera 2016 Primavera 2016